Iāll start with an old chestnut of maths folklore: my favourite integer is 2, because it is the only even prime, making it the oddest of them all.
My absolute top-tier, most interesting integer is 163. Fellow maths practitioners will instantly recognize it and sagely nod, acknowledging its awesomeness. More about this one later, but I have some second tiers.
First, the OP said nothing about integers, just numbers. They could be real numbers. Therefore Khinchinās Constant K = 2.685452ā¦ qualifies. What is this and why is it amazing? OK, take any integer sequence you can think of, letās call it {a(1), a(2), a(3), ā¦}. Take the sequence of the geometric means of successive terms, this is, b(n) = (a(1)a(2) ā¦ a(n))^(1/n). Then the sequence b(n) converges to K as n becomes larger, regardless of what sequence you chose. Check it out.
In reality, the above is not strictly true: not all sequences behave in this way, but almost all do (in a sense that can be defined with precision). I can guarantee that any sequence you can think of will comply with the above property, unless you deliberately construct it not to, which is difficult.
There are analytical expressions for Khinchinās constant. One of them is that log K equals the integral between 0 and 1 of logā(1/x)/(1+x). Little is known about the algebraic properties of K; in particular, we donāt know if itās rational.
Back to integers. One of the most interesting ones I know is M = 808017424794512875886459904961710757005754368000000000. Iām not kidding. This is the size of the largest possible sporadic finite simple group, called the Monster Group. Finite simple groups are a kind of building block for all finite groups, so they are very important in Algebra, and they have been classified according to a taxonomy. There are a number of families in this taxonomy, plus a few that do not belong in any of the families. These are called sporadic simple groups.
Why there should exist sporadic simple groups at all, nobody understands very well. There is no a priori reason why all finite simple groups couldnāt fit into a few neat ways of generating them all, which is the case for the families in question, but there are some that just do not fit. They are isolated, independent, totally ad hoc. But, once we accept these sporadic groups exist, the amazing thing is that there are only a finite number of them - exactly 26! Why? Again, nobody has found a deeper reason.
This is what is called the Enormous Theorem, because it took more than 150 years, 500 authors, and 15,000 pages of literature scattered across hundreds of journals to provide a proof of this fact: All finite simple groups fall into one of 18 infinite families, plus 26 sporadic groups, and there are no others. The āthere are no othersā part is the really difficult one. This is a world record, of course. Eat your heart out, Guinness.
The Monster Group is the largest of these sporadic groups. It can be represented as a set of rotations of a space of 196,883 dimensions, and this is how it was originally constructed. For those of you coders that struggle with the intricacies of rotations in 3-dimensional space, please consider this for a moment, and, like the Ozymandias traveler, despair.
Nobody is sure what this exactly means, but it implies that there is, in some algebraic sense, a hard limit for how much symmetry a finite-dimensional space can possess. This boggles the mind.
There seem to be some half-understood implications for theoretical physics as well regarding M. Thatās too much. Wonāt go into it today.
Back to 163, which is my favourite because I came across this fact at the tender age of 16 and wanting to understand this was one of the reasons that compelled me to seek a career in mathematics. The fact is: exp(Ļā163) is almost an integer. Not only that, 163/log(163) also is almost an integer. Try it. This is not a coincidence, much less a double coincidence. There is a deep reason for it, which is very difficult to explain without getting technical.
Getting technical
163 is the largest value of n such the class number of the field extension of the rationals by ā(-n) has class number 1, meaning that its ring of integers is a unique factorization domain. The issue of factorization in quadratic fields is one of the driving forces of algebraic number theory. Since there is a largest possible field that has, in some sense, the best possible factorization property, 163 shows up in a huge number of algebraic problems. The splitting of generalized primes in number fields is tied to the properties of modular functions, the maximal real subfields of cyclotomic fields, and others.
163 appears as the largest instance of a quadratic field having unique factorization and as the smallest instance of a real cyclotomic field not having it. This is a unique property with deep implications.
You may be cool, but you will not ever be half as cool as 163.
See also OEIS A003173.